จาก IPv4 สู่ IPv6 (ตอนที่ 1) ปัจจุบันการสื่อสารข้อมูลผ่านเครือข่ายอินเทอร์เน็ตได้เข้ามีบทบาทในชีวิตประจำวันอย่างมาก ทั้งเพื่อการบริหาร
http://www.ntc.or.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3919การแปลง IPv4<->IPv6 (32bits<->128bits)
http://forum.nanosofttech.com/index.php?topic=21Implementing IPv6
Introducing IPv6
Why Do We Need a Larger Address Space?- Internet population
- Approximately 2 billion users in March 2011
- Emerging population and geopolitical and address space
- Mobile users
- PDA, pen-tablet, notepad, and so on
- Approximately 20 million in 2004
- Mobile phones
- Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
- Transportation
- 1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
- Internet access in planes - Example: Lufthansa
- Consumer devices
- Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005
- Billions of home and industrial appliances
IPv6 Advanced FeaturesLarger address space
- Global reachability and flexibility
- Aggregation
- Multihoming
- Autoconfiguration
- Plug-and-play
- End to end without NAT
- Renumbering
Simpler header
- Routing efficiency
- Performance and forwarding rate scalability
- No broadcasts
- No checksums
- Extension headers
- Flow labels
Mobility and security
- Mobile IP RFC-compliant
- IPsec mandatory (or native) for IPv6
Transition richness
- Dual stack
- 6to4 tunnels
- Translation
Larger Address SpaceIPv4
- 32 bits or 4 bytes long
- ≈ 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes
IPv6
- 128 bits or 16 bytes: four times the bits of IPv4
- ≈ 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
- ≈ 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211
- ≈ 5 * 1028 addresses per person
Larger Address Space Enables
Address Aggregation
- Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table
- Efficient and scalable routing
- Improved bandwidth and functionality for user traffic
Defining IPv6 Addressing
Simple and Efficient HeaderA simpler and more efficient header means:
- 64-bit aligned fields and fewer fields
- Hardware-based, efficient processing
- Improved routing efficiency and performance
- Faster forwarding rate with better scalability
IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison

IPv6 Extension Headers
Simpler and more efficient header means:
- IPv6 has extension headers.
- It handles the options more efficiently
- It enables faster forwarding rate and end nodes processing.
IPv6 Address RepresentationFormat:
- x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field
- Case-insensitive for hexadecimal A, B, C, D, E, and F
- Leading zeros in a field are optional:
- 2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B
- Successive fields of 0 can be represented as ::, but only once per address.
2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
2031:0:130f::9c0:876a:130b
2031::130f::9c0:876a:130b - incorrect
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF01::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::
IPv6 Address Types
IPv6 uses:
Unicast
Address is for a single interface.
IPv6 has several types (for example, global and IPv4 mapped).
Multicast
One-to-many
Enables more efficient use of the network
Uses a larger address range
Anycast
One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space).
Multiple devices share the same address.
All anycast nodes should provide uniform service.
Source devices send packets to anycast address.
Routers decide on closest device to reach that destination.
Suitable for load balancing and content delivery services.
IPv6 Global Unicast (and Anycast) Address
IPv6 has same address format for global unicast and for anycast.
Uses a global routing prefix - a structure that enables aggregation upward, eventually to the ISP.
A single interface may be assigned multiple addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, multicast).
Every IPv6-enabled interface must contain at least one loopback (::1/128) and one link-local address.
Optionally, every interface can have multiple unique local and global addresses.
Anycast address is a global unicast address assigned to a set of interfaces (typically on different nodes).
IPv6 anycast is used for a network multihomed to several ISPs that have multiple connections to each other.
IPv6 Unicast Addressing
IPv6 addressing rules are covered by multiple RFCs.
Architecture defined by RFC 4291.
Unicast: One to one
Global
Link local (FE80::/10)
A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type: unicast, anycast, or multicast.
Implementing Dynamic IPv6 Addresses
Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
Cisco uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration.
This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting "FFFE" into the middle 16 bits.
To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope).
Link-Local Address
(http://www.cisco.com/en/US/i/000001-100000/50001-55000/52501-53000/52669.jpg)
Link-local addresses have a scope limited to the link and are dynamically created on all IPv6 interfaces by using a specific link-local prefix FE80::/10 and a 64-bit interface identifier.
Link-local addresses are used for automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery, and router discovery. Link-local addresses are also used by many routing protocols.
Link-local addresses can serve as a way to connect devices on the same local network without needing global addresses.
When communicating with a link-local address, you must specify the outgoing interface because every interface is connected to FE80::/10.
EUI-64 to IPv6 Interface Identifier
(http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/S09AG_IP6.gif)
Mapping IEEE 802 addresses to EUI-64 addresses
Where u =
1 = Universally Unique
0 = Locally Unique
A modified EUI-64 address is formed by inserting "FFFE" and "complementing" a bit identifying the uniqueness of the MAC address.
Multicasting
(http://www.cisco.com/en/US/i/000001-100000/50001-55000/52501-53000/52671.jpg)
More Scope =
3 = Subnet-Local
4 = Admin-Local
Example of Permanent Multicast Addresses
(http://timraphael.com/ccna/images/8/86/IPv6Multicast.png)
FF02::1:FFXX:XXXXSolicited-nodeFF05::101All NTP servers
Anycast
(http://flylib.com/books/2/223/1/html/2/images/F03xx08.png)
An IPv6 anycast address is a global unicast address that is assigned to more than one interface.
Stateless Autoconfiguration
(http://www.cisco.com/en/US/i/000001-100000/50001-55000/52501-53000/52676.jpg)
A Standard Stateless Autoconfiguration
(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_b9k9u6C_ekU/R3IbBc4UkPI/AAAAAAAAABg/8G_YicwpbDA/s400/Random.Generation.Stateless.Autoconfig.bmp)
Stage 1: The PC sends a router solicitation to request a prefix for stateless autoconfiguration.
Stage 2: The router replies with a router advertisement.
IPv6 Mobility
(http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/images/ipj/ipj_10-2/102_nemo_fig3_sm.jpg)
Using IPv6 with OSPF and Other Routing Protocols
IPv6 Routing Protocols
Credit: Cisco
